Have you ever wondered what makes "Breaking Bad" such a timeless television masterpiece? Is it the gripping storyline, the intense drama, or perhaps the unforgettable characters that breathe life into the series? Indeed, "Breaking Bad" owes much of its success to the exceptional roles that each character plays, contributing to a rich tapestry of moral dilemmas, personal transformations, and explosive interactions. These roles are not only central to the narrative but also instrumental in engaging audiences worldwide, sparking discussions, and leaving a lasting impact on popular culture. In this article, we delve deep into the "Breaking Bad roles" to uncover the essence of each character and their significance in this iconic series.
Created by Vince Gilligan, "Breaking Bad" is a critically acclaimed American crime drama television series that tells the story of Walter White, a high school chemistry teacher turned methamphetamine manufacturer. Throughout its five-season run, the series captivated audiences with its intricate plot, stellar performances, and the moral complexities faced by its characters. Each role in the series adds a unique dimension to the story, making the show a compelling study of human nature and the choices people make when pushed to their limits.
As we explore the "Breaking Bad roles," we will examine the biographies of the main characters, their personal journeys, and the dynamics between them. From Walter White's transformation into the infamous Heisenberg to Jesse Pinkman's struggle with his own demons, each character's role is meticulously crafted to reflect the show's themes of power, corruption, and redemption. Our analysis will also touch upon the supporting roles that enrich the narrative, providing context and depth to the central storyline. Join us on this journey as we uncover the intricacies of "Breaking Bad roles" and their lasting impact on television history.
Table of Contents
- Walter White: Biography and Transformation
- Jesse Pinkman: A Turbulent Journey
- Skyler White: A Conflicted Role
- Hank Schrader: The Lawman
- Saul Goodman: The Legal Eagle
- Gus Fring: The Mastermind
- Mike Ehrmantraut: The Enforcer
- Supporting Roles: Their Impact on the Story
- Themes and Symbolism in Breaking Bad
- The Legacy of Breaking Bad
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
Walter White: Biography and Transformation
Walter Hartwell White, the protagonist of "Breaking Bad," is a character of remarkable depth and complexity. Born on September 7, 1958, Walter is a highly skilled chemist who once had a promising future. However, due to various life circumstances, he ends up as a high school chemistry teacher in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Walter's transformation from a mild-mannered educator to a feared drug kingpin, known as Heisenberg, is the central narrative arc of the series.
Walter's journey begins with a seemingly simple motivation: to secure his family's financial future after being diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. However, as the series progresses, it becomes evident that Walter's motivations are far more complex. His descent into the criminal underworld is driven not only by desperation but also by a deep-seated desire for power, control, and recognition.
| Full Name | Walter Hartwell White |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | September 7, 1958 |
| Occupation | Chemistry Teacher, Meth Manufacturer |
| Alias | Heisenberg |
| Spouse | Skyler White |
| Children | Walter White Jr., Holly White |
Throughout the series, Walter's character evolves from a sympathetic figure to an antihero, challenging viewers' perceptions of morality and justice. His actions become increasingly ruthless as he navigates the treacherous world of drug trafficking, often placing his family and associates in jeopardy. The duality of Walter's character is expertly portrayed by Bryan Cranston, whose performance earned him multiple awards and critical acclaim.
The transformation of Walter White into Heisenberg is marked by significant turning points, such as his first meth cook with former student Jesse Pinkman, his encounters with rival drug dealers, and his eventual dominance over Albuquerque's meth market. These pivotal moments highlight Walter's cunning, resourcefulness, and willingness to sacrifice his moral compass for his own gain.
Ultimately, Walter White's role in "Breaking Bad" is a powerful exploration of the human condition, examining themes of identity, ambition, and the consequences of unchecked power. His story serves as a cautionary tale, illustrating how a seemingly ordinary man can become consumed by his own hubris and greed.
Jesse Pinkman: A Turbulent Journey
Jesse Bruce Pinkman, portrayed by Aaron Paul, is a key character in "Breaking Bad" whose journey is marked by personal struggles, redemption, and resilience. As Walter White's former student and methamphetamine partner, Jesse's role is integral to the series' narrative and emotional depth. His character serves as a foil to Walter, highlighting the stark contrasts in their motivations and moral compasses.
Jesse's background is one of turmoil and instability. Raised in a middle-class family, he rebels against societal expectations and falls into a life of petty crime and drug use. Despite his checkered past, Jesse possesses a genuine kindness and empathy that endear him to viewers. His complex relationship with Walter White becomes a central theme of the series, as Jesse grapples with feelings of loyalty, betrayal, and guilt.
| Full Name | Jesse Bruce Pinkman |
|---|---|
| Occupation | Meth Manufacturer |
| Family | Uncle Jack (deceased), Aunt Ginny |
| Significant Others | Jane Margolis (deceased), Andrea Cantillo (deceased) |
Throughout "Breaking Bad," Jesse undergoes significant character development. His initial role as the comic relief and inexperienced drug manufacturer evolves into that of a tragic hero. Jesse's journey is fraught with personal loss, as he suffers the deaths of loved ones and the consequences of his actions. Despite these hardships, he strives to make amends and seek redemption for his past mistakes.
Jesse's relationship with Walter is a complex and often toxic dynamic. Initially, Walter serves as a mentor figure, guiding Jesse in the meth business. However, as Walter's ambitions grow, he manipulates and exploits Jesse for his own purposes. This power struggle culminates in a series of betrayals and confrontations that test Jesse's resolve and moral integrity.
Jesse's role in "Breaking Bad" is further enriched by his interactions with other characters, such as his romantic relationships with Jane Margolis and Andrea Cantillo. These relationships highlight Jesse's capacity for love and vulnerability, as well as the tragic consequences of his involvement in the drug trade.
By the series' conclusion, Jesse emerges as a survivor, having endured physical and emotional trauma at the hands of both Walter and rival criminals. His escape from captivity and subsequent liberation symbolize his quest for freedom and a chance at a new beginning. Jesse Pinkman's journey in "Breaking Bad" is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the possibility of redemption, even in the darkest of circumstances.
Skyler White: A Conflicted Role
Skyler White, played by Anna Gunn, is a pivotal character in "Breaking Bad" whose role encompasses the complexities of loyalty, morality, and survival. As Walter White's wife, Skyler is initially portrayed as a loving and supportive spouse, unaware of her husband's criminal activities. However, as the series unfolds, her character becomes embroiled in the moral ambiguities and ethical dilemmas that define the show's narrative.
Skyler's character arc is marked by her transition from a passive observer to an active participant in Walter's illicit activities. Her initial suspicions about Walter's behavior lead her to uncover the truth about his drug manufacturing empire. Faced with the shocking reality, Skyler is forced to make difficult decisions to protect her family and navigate the dangerous world Walter has created.
| Full Name | Skyler White |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | August 11, 1970 |
| Occupation | Bookkeeper, Car Wash Manager |
| Spouse | Walter White |
| Children | Walter White Jr., Holly White |
As Skyler becomes more involved in Walter's operations, she grapples with her own moral boundaries. Her role in the series is characterized by a constant struggle between her love for her family and the ethical implications of her actions. Skyler's involvement in money laundering and her attempts to maintain a facade of normalcy highlight the lengths to which she is willing to go to protect her children.
Skyler's relationship with Walter is a complex interplay of trust, deception, and manipulation. Initially, she is portrayed as a supportive partner, but as Walter's criminal activities come to light, their marriage becomes strained. Skyler's growing awareness of Walter's true nature leads to a series of confrontations and power struggles, ultimately culminating in her decision to separate from him.
Despite the challenges she faces, Skyler remains a resilient and resourceful character. Her determination to keep her family safe in the face of adversity showcases her strength and adaptability. Throughout the series, Skyler's character serves as a representation of the moral complexities faced by individuals caught in the crossfire of criminal enterprises.
Skyler White's role in "Breaking Bad" is a testament to the show's exploration of morality and the consequences of one's choices. Her character's journey reflects the difficult decisions faced by those who find themselves entangled in a world of crime and deception, ultimately highlighting the blurred lines between right and wrong.
Hank Schrader: The Lawman
Hank Schrader, portrayed by Dean Norris, is a character in "Breaking Bad" whose role as a dedicated law enforcement officer is central to the series' tension and drama. As a DEA agent and brother-in-law to Walter White, Hank's pursuit of justice and his relentless investigation into Albuquerque's methamphetamine trade bring him dangerously close to uncovering Walter's criminal activities.
Hank's character is introduced as a brash and confident agent, known for his larger-than-life personality and unwavering commitment to his job. His determination to dismantle the drug trade in Albuquerque is driven by a sense of duty and a personal connection to the case, as he remains unaware of Walter's involvement.
| Full Name | Henry R. Schrader |
|---|---|
| Occupation | DEA Agent |
| Spouse | Marie Schrader |
| Relatives | Walter White (brother-in-law), Skyler White (sister-in-law) |
Throughout "Breaking Bad," Hank's role as a lawman is characterized by his tenacity and resourcefulness. His investigation into the elusive Heisenberg becomes a central plotline, as he pieces together evidence and navigates the complex web of criminal activity. Hank's pursuit of justice is further complicated by his personal relationships, particularly with Walter and his family.
Hank's character undergoes significant development as the series progresses. His initial confidence is shaken by traumatic events, including a near-fatal encounter with the Salamanca twins and a subsequent struggle with PTSD. These experiences add depth to Hank's character, revealing vulnerabilities and challenges that he must overcome.
The revelation of Walter's true identity as Heisenberg marks a turning point in Hank's journey. This discovery sets off a chain of events that test Hank's loyalty to his family and his dedication to the law. The ensuing conflict between Hank and Walter adds layers of tension and suspense to the narrative, culminating in a dramatic and tragic conclusion.
Hank Schrader's role in "Breaking Bad" serves as a representation of the moral complexities faced by law enforcement officers. His unwavering pursuit of justice, despite personal and professional obstacles, underscores the series' exploration of the blurred lines between right and wrong, loyalty and betrayal.
Saul Goodman: The Legal Eagle
Saul Goodman, played by Bob Odenkirk, is a colorful and cunning character in "Breaking Bad" whose role as a criminal lawyer adds both comedic relief and strategic depth to the series. Known for his catchy slogan, "Better Call Saul," Saul Goodman is a legal mastermind who assists Walter White and Jesse Pinkman in navigating the legal and criminal pitfalls of their methamphetamine operation.
Saul's character is introduced as a flamboyant lawyer with a penchant for bending the law to suit his clients' needs. His vast network of criminal connections and legal expertise make him an invaluable asset to Walter and Jesse as they expand their drug empire. Saul's role in the series is characterized by his quick wit, resourcefulness, and ability to find creative solutions to seemingly insurmountable problems.
| Full Name | Saul Goodman (born James Morgan "Jimmy" McGill) |
|---|---|
| Occupation | Criminal Lawyer |
| Known For | "Better Call Saul" Slogan |
Throughout "Breaking Bad," Saul's character serves as a bridge between the criminal underworld and the legal system. His ability to navigate both realms with ease highlights his adaptability and cunning nature. Saul's interactions with Walter and Jesse often provide moments of levity, as his eccentric personality and unconventional methods contrast with the series' darker themes.
Despite his comedic demeanor, Saul Goodman's role in "Breaking Bad" is far from trivial. His legal acumen and strategic thinking play a crucial role in helping Walter and Jesse avoid capture and maintain their criminal enterprise. Saul's influence extends beyond legal matters, as he orchestrates complex schemes and introduces the duo to key figures in the drug trade.
Saul's character is further explored in the prequel series "Better Call Saul," which delves into his backstory and transformation from Jimmy McGill to the infamous criminal lawyer. This exploration adds depth to Saul's character, revealing the motivations and personal struggles that shaped his journey.
Saul Goodman's role in "Breaking Bad" is a testament to the series' ability to blend humor and drama, creating a multifaceted narrative that captivates audiences. His character serves as a reminder of the moral ambiguities and ethical dilemmas faced by those who operate in the shadows of the law.
Gus Fring: The Mastermind
Gustavo "Gus" Fring, portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito, is a formidable and enigmatic character in "Breaking Bad" whose role as a drug lord and businessman adds layers of complexity to the series. Known for his meticulous attention to detail and strategic brilliance, Gus Fring is a masterful antagonist whose calculated actions and calm demeanor make him a formidable adversary to Walter White.
Gus's character is introduced as the owner of Los Pollos Hermanos, a successful fast-food chain that serves as a front for his vast methamphetamine distribution network. His dual identity as a respected businessman and ruthless drug lord is central to his role in the series. Gus's ability to maintain a facade of legitimacy while orchestrating a criminal empire underscores his intelligence and cunning nature.
| Full Name | Gustavo Fring |
|---|---|
| Occupation | Businessman, Drug Lord |
| Business | Los Pollos Hermanos |
Throughout "Breaking Bad," Gus Fring's role is characterized by his strategic mind and unwavering control over his operations. His interactions with Walter White and other characters are marked by a careful balance of diplomacy and intimidation. Gus's ability to anticipate and neutralize threats makes him a formidable opponent, as he navigates the treacherous landscape of the drug trade.
Gus's relationship with Walter is a complex interplay of mutual respect and underlying tension. Initially, Gus sees potential in Walter's methamphetamine production skills and partners with him to expand his empire. However, as Walter's ambitions grow, their partnership becomes strained, leading to a high-stakes power struggle that culminates in a dramatic confrontation.
Gus Fring's character is further enriched by his backstory, which reveals the motivations and personal vendettas that drive his actions. His quest for revenge against the Mexican cartel and his meticulous planning highlight the depth of his character and the lengths to which he will go to achieve his goals.
Gus Fring's role in "Breaking Bad" serves as a testament to the series' exploration of power, ambition, and the consequences of unchecked control. His character's masterful manipulation and strategic brilliance make him one of the most compelling and memorable antagonists in television history.
Mike Ehrmantraut: The Enforcer
Mike Ehrmantraut, portrayed by Jonathan Banks, is a key character in "Breaking Bad" whose role as a fixer and enforcer adds depth and complexity to the series' criminal underworld. Known for his stoic demeanor and pragmatic approach, Mike is a trusted ally of Gus Fring and a formidable presence in the methamphetamine trade.
Mike's character is introduced as a former Philadelphia police officer turned private investigator and enforcer. His skills in surveillance, security, and problem-solving make him an invaluable asset to Gus Fring's operations. Mike's role in the series is characterized by his no-nonsense attitude and unwavering loyalty to those he serves.
| Full Name | Michael Ehrmantraut |
|---|---|
| Occupation | Private Investigator, Enforcer |
| Family | Kaylee Ehrmantraut (granddaughter) |
Throughout "Breaking Bad," Mike's character is marked by his professionalism and commitment to his work. His interactions with Walter White, Jesse Pinkman, and other characters often highlight his pragmatic approach to problem-solving. Mike's dedication to his craft is evident in his meticulous attention to detail and his ability to remain calm under pressure.
Mike's relationship with Jesse Pinkman is a notable aspect of his role in the series. Despite their initial differences, Mike becomes a mentor figure to Jesse, offering guidance and support as Jesse navigates the challenges of the drug trade. This dynamic adds layers of complexity to Mike's character, revealing a softer side to his otherwise hardened exterior.
Mike's interactions with Walter White, on the other hand, are marked by mutual distrust and tension. As Walter's ambitions grow, Mike becomes increasingly wary of his motives and actions, leading to a power struggle that ultimately tests Mike's loyalty to Gus Fring.
Mike Ehrmantraut's role in "Breaking Bad" is further explored in the prequel series "Better Call Saul," which delves into his backstory and the events that shaped his journey. This exploration adds depth to Mike's character, revealing the personal motivations and ethical considerations that drive his actions.
Mike Ehrmantraut's role in "Breaking Bad" serves as a testament to the series' exploration of loyalty, morality, and the consequences of one's choices. His character's unwavering dedication to his work and his complex relationships with other characters make him a memorable and integral part of the "Breaking Bad" narrative.
Supporting Roles: Their Impact on the Story
The supporting roles in "Breaking Bad" play a crucial part in enriching the narrative and providing context and depth to the central storyline. These characters, while not always in the spotlight, contribute significantly to the series' exploration of themes such as morality, loyalty, and the consequences of one's actions.
One such supporting character is Marie Schrader, portrayed by Betsy Brandt. As Skyler White's sister and Hank Schrader's wife, Marie's role is characterized by her unwavering loyalty to her family. Her interactions with Skyler and Hank often provide moments of levity and emotional depth, highlighting the complexities of familial relationships.
Another notable supporting character is Jane Margolis, played by Krysten Ritter. As Jesse Pinkman's love interest, Jane's role is marked by her struggles with addiction and her influence on Jesse's journey. Jane's tragic fate serves as a turning point in the series, highlighting the devastating consequences of the drug trade and the impact of personal choices.
Andrea Cantillo, portrayed by Emily Rios, is another significant supporting character whose relationship with Jesse Pinkman adds layers of complexity to his character arc. As a single mother caught in the crossfire of the drug trade, Andrea's story underscores the collateral damage caused by the criminal underworld and the difficult choices faced by those seeking a better life for their loved ones.
Todd Alquist, played by Jesse Plemons, is a character whose presence in the series adds an unsettling dimension to the narrative. As an employee of Vamonos Pest and a member of the neo-Nazi gang, Todd's role is characterized by his sociopathic tendencies and his willingness to commit heinous acts without remorse. His interactions with Walter and Jesse heighten the tension and stakes of the series' final seasons.
Lydia Rodarte-Quayle, portrayed by Laura Fraser, is another supporting character whose role as a high-ranking executive at Madrigal Electromotive adds an international dimension to the series' drug trade. Lydia's involvement in the distribution network and her interactions with Walter and Gus Fring highlight the interconnectedness of global criminal enterprises and the lengths to which individuals will go to protect their interests.
The supporting roles in "Breaking Bad" are a testament to the series' ability to craft a rich and multifaceted narrative. These characters, while not always at the forefront, contribute significantly to the show's exploration of morality, loyalty, and the consequences of one's actions, enhancing the depth and complexity of the "Breaking Bad" universe.
Themes and Symbolism in Breaking Bad
"Breaking Bad" is a series renowned for its intricate exploration of themes and symbolism, which contribute to its lasting impact and critical acclaim. Central to the show's narrative are themes of morality, identity, and the consequences of one's choices, woven into the storyline through the roles of its characters.
One of the most prominent themes in "Breaking Bad" is the concept of transformation and identity. Walter White's metamorphosis from a mild-mannered chemistry teacher to the ruthless drug kingpin Heisenberg serves as a powerful exploration of the duality of human nature. This transformation is symbolized by Walter's iconic hat and sunglasses, which he dons as Heisenberg, marking his shift from his former self.
The theme of morality and the blurred lines between right and wrong is a recurring motif throughout the series. Characters such as Walter White, Jesse Pinkman, and Skyler White grapple with ethical dilemmas and the consequences of their actions. The series poses challenging questions about the nature of justice, loyalty, and the price of ambition, inviting viewers to reflect on their own moral compasses.
Power and control are also central themes in "Breaking Bad," as characters navigate the hierarchical structures of the drug trade and their personal relationships. The pursuit of power is depicted through the strategic maneuvers of characters like Gus Fring and Walter White, whose ambitions drive the narrative and ultimately lead to their downfalls.
Symbolism is intricately woven into the visual and narrative elements of "Breaking Bad." The use of color, for example, plays a significant role in conveying character development and thematic undertones. Walter's wardrobe transitions from pale, subdued colors to darker, more dominant hues as he embraces his Heisenberg persona, reflecting his internal transformation.
The series also utilizes recurring imagery and motifs to underscore its themes. The RV, a symbol of Walter and Jesse's early meth-cooking operations, represents both freedom and entrapment, as it serves as a mobile laboratory and a constant reminder of their criminal activities. The visual motif of the blue meth, with its distinctive hue, symbolizes purity and perfection, contrasting with the moral corruption it brings.
In addition to its thematic exploration, "Breaking Bad" delves into societal issues such as addiction, family dynamics, and the impact of crime on communities. These elements are brought to life through the roles of supporting characters and the challenges they face, enriching the series' narrative and providing a multifaceted portrayal of the human experience.
The themes and symbolism in "Breaking Bad" are a testament to the series' depth and complexity, inviting viewers to engage with its narrative on multiple levels. Through its exploration of morality, identity, and power, "Breaking Bad" remains a compelling and thought-provoking examination of the human condition and the choices that define us.
The Legacy of Breaking Bad
"Breaking Bad" has left an indelible mark on television history, earning its place as one of the most critically acclaimed and culturally significant series of all time. Its legacy is defined by its groundbreaking storytelling, complex characters, and exploration of moral and ethical dilemmas, which have resonated with audiences worldwide.
The series' impact is evident in its numerous accolades and awards, including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and widespread critical acclaim. Bryan Cranston's portrayal of Walter White and Aaron Paul's performance as Jesse Pinkman have been lauded as some of the most compelling in television history, earning them multiple awards and nominations.
"Breaking Bad" has also influenced the landscape of television storytelling, paving the way for a new era of serialized dramas that prioritize character development and thematic depth. Its success has inspired a wave of similar series that explore complex narratives and morally ambiguous characters, contributing to the evolution of the medium.
The series' cultural impact extends beyond its storytelling, as it has become a pop culture phenomenon. References to "Breaking Bad" can be found in various forms of media, from parodies and homages to its iconic imagery and memorable quotes. The series has also inspired merchandise, fan conventions, and even academic studies exploring its themes and symbolism.
The legacy of "Breaking Bad" is further cemented by its successful spin-off, "Better Call Saul," which delves into the backstory of Saul Goodman and explores the events leading up to the original series. "Better Call Saul" has received critical acclaim for its storytelling and character development, further expanding the "Breaking Bad" universe.
In addition to its influence on television, "Breaking Bad" has sparked discussions about the ethical and moral implications of its narrative. The series' exploration of themes such as power, identity, and the consequences of one's choices has prompted viewers to reflect on their own beliefs and values, contributing to its enduring relevance.
The legacy of "Breaking Bad" is a testament to its ability to captivate and challenge audiences, offering a compelling exploration of the human condition and the complexities of morality. As a cultural touchstone, "Breaking Bad" continues to inspire and resonate with viewers, solidifying its place in the pantheon of great television series.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What is the significance of Heisenberg's name in "Breaking Bad"?
The name "Heisenberg" is significant as it references Werner Heisenberg, a theoretical physicist known for the uncertainty principle. Walter White adopts this alias to signify his transformation and the unpredictable nature of his actions in the drug trade.
- How does "Breaking Bad" explore the theme of morality?
"Breaking Bad" explores morality by presenting characters who face ethical dilemmas and the consequences of their choices. The series challenges viewers to consider the blurred lines between right and wrong and the impact of personal ambition and power.
- What role does symbolism play in "Breaking Bad"?
Symbolism plays a crucial role in "Breaking Bad," enhancing the narrative through visual and thematic elements. The use of color, imagery, and motifs such as the RV and blue meth underscore character development and the series' exploration of identity and morality.
- Why is "Breaking Bad" considered a cultural phenomenon?
"Breaking Bad" is considered a cultural phenomenon due to its compelling storytelling, complex characters, and exploration of universal themes. Its impact on pop culture, television storytelling, and its enduring relevance have solidified its place in entertainment history.
- How does "Better Call Saul" relate to "Breaking Bad"?
"Better Call Saul" is a prequel to "Breaking Bad" that explores the backstory of Saul Goodman, delving into the events leading up to the original series. It expands the "Breaking Bad" universe and has received critical acclaim for its character development and storytelling.
- What makes Walter White's transformation in "Breaking Bad" so compelling?
Walter White's transformation is compelling due to its gradual and complex nature, depicting his descent from a sympathetic protagonist to a morally ambiguous antihero. The series explores his motivations, ethical conflicts, and the consequences of his choices, inviting viewers to engage with his character on multiple levels.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the "Breaking Bad roles" are integral to the series' success and enduring impact. Each character, from Walter White to the supporting cast, contributes to the rich tapestry of moral dilemmas, personal transformations, and explosive interactions that define the show. Through its exploration of themes such as identity, power, and morality, "Breaking Bad" remains a compelling and thought-provoking examination of the human condition.
The legacy of "Breaking Bad" is a testament to its groundbreaking storytelling and complex characters, cementing its place as a cultural phenomenon and a pivotal moment in television history. As audiences continue to engage with its narrative and themes, "Breaking Bad" remains a timeless exploration of the choices that define us and the consequences that follow.
For further reading and insights into the world of "Breaking Bad," consider exploring resources such as IMDb's Breaking Bad page for cast information, episode summaries, and critical reviews.
